Joint Venture entry mode of Marks and Spencer in China Essay

Joint impale entry mode of attach and Spencer in China - Essay ExampleThis research will set forth with the statement that entering into a new market has been commonly accounted as one of the major challenges approach by companies seeking the benefits of internationalization market expansion. In its course to diversify in the global plethora, the troupe needs to deal with many barriers including cross-border trade regulations, cultural paradoxes and various other socio-economic factors that be deemed to influence stemma trading operations in the targeted host country. Contextually, entering into the market of China in like manner posed considerable challenges to Marks & Spencer (M&S), which is a renowned British multinational retail chain. Critics have thereon argued that it is fundamentally owing to deficiency of market understanding and appropriate strategies adopted by companies to mark its failure in Asian countries standardized China. Several challenges and problems en compass the entry of M&S in the market of China. With the opening of their first electric receptacle in the Chinese market, the company experienced a dip in its performance, which was accounted as considerably commence than the expected level in the Chinese market. The outlets opened by M&S, at the initial phases of its operations in the Mainland China, failed to satisfy the needs of the Chinese local customers owing to the companys lacuna to grade customers preferences in the market and offer services accordingly. For instance, the M&S investment companys were unable to provide garments of smaller sizes, as preferred by the customers in China. (Wood, 2012). Reportedly, the supply chain of the company was also lacking its usual effectiveness, which get along inhibited the reputation of the company in the Chinese market, at its introductory phase. Additionally, it was also known that the oversight of the retail chain was implementing its strategic experiences gained from its op erations in Hong Kong, irrespective of the fact that the consumer buying behaviour are found to be considerably distinct in these two regions. This again depicts the lack of market reexamine of the company taking into account the tastes and preferences of customers in the host country (China Retail News, 2009). In addition, the ratiocinations taken by the company for not collaborating with any of the local firms in China, i.e. ignoring the benefits of JV also barricaded the utmost force of its strategies by restricting the cooperation of local firms to a certain extent. It was thus considered as a mistake make by M&S, which retarded its smooth entry in the Chinese market. However the company pore on concentrating on its size and range of services offered to the Chinese customers as its major Unique interchange Propositions (USPs). Subsequently, the first shop of the company was opened in the Mainland and was propounded to be one of the biggest shopping centres in Asia. Nonethel ess, this decision of the company came as a surprise for many investors in the stock market, as opening of the store came just after the global economic turmoil that kept investors wondering regarding the finances of M&S. It has also been noted that competition level from the local marketers were observed to be quite high in this area, as the local retailers are more competent in serving the customers in the market providing products preferred by customers of lower age groups and lower income groups. On the contrary, it would be vital to mention that the products

Relaxing & Energizing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

reposeful & Energizing - Case Study ExampleGeorge has no idea why his energy level is so different from practices to races, but he sees this problem as a major obstacle to developing as a runner and performing to his potential.Cindy Frederickson, Georges coach thinks he needs to develop relaxation and energization skills need to control his arousal during practice and competition. Based on your knowledge of both relaxation and energization, answer the following(a) four questions that relate to developing and implementing these critical mental culture tools. Explain the rationale for your answers thoroughly, citing important tuition from the book and lectures. Your rationale will count as much as your actual response.1. What mental training tool should George use to set about his arousal level when he gets noisome? Relaxation is the efficiency to strike unwanted muscular tension, reduce excessive activation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and calm the listen by elimin ating unwanted thoughts.a. How about raising his psych level when hes unmotivated for practice? Energization is the ability to arouse the body by increasing muscular strength and power, stimulate the activation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and invigorate the mind with energizing thoughts.2. What is the difference between relaxation and energization? Relaxation is to help you lower your arousal. Energization is to help you increase arousal. Between Total Relaxation/ Energization and Rapid Relaxation? Total takes more time. How canister George use each? When he is overly anxious he should use relaxation. When he is lethargic he should use

3-3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

3-3 - Es hypothesise ExampleWe hold up been so iodiner guarded about expressing our feelings, as I said earlier, and during the task I learnt that there are a lot of things that I did not know about him and his interest. This activity with him also showed me how he feels towards me actually, roughlything I was precise keen on learning.I consider my associate to be one of my closest friends we share a very close bond, I feel a bond that has existed ever since I can remember. We have always managed to share our experiences and emotions, although we are on a different plane, both age wise and psychologically.My brother is 6 years older than me and is a college graduate. He is currently employed and is a married man, who takes dainty care of his wife and kids. One big difference between me and him is that he always speaks his mind. It does not subject field to him how bad and ugly the truth would sound like, he will always say it the way he sees it to be true.On the other hand, I a m not so outspoken. I am kind of shy and do not talk much in fact I am one of those people who do not talk unless it is necessary. I am not an open person by nature I always tend to keep my emotions inside. I do not permit anyone to evaluate to read me or my emotions or to have me figured out, as they say. I am so well guarded that I normally do not tell anyone about my emotions, whether they involve that person or anyone else for that matter.I have learned a lot about my brother and how he feels about me subsequently undertaking this assignment. The strangest, or funniest in a way, and surprising thing that I have learned was when he answered a question by saying that he care it a lot when we do some crazy funny stuff to our other siblings. I thought he would say that he liked the way we share our feelings or the way we trust each other. I did not expect him to say what he said. However, this was a pleasant surprise, it made me realize that my brother is a very fun lovely sor t of person and he, in a way, does not mind the

Technical writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Technical writing - Essay Examplecking are still cosmos looked into, the various department heads of the company have decided to restrict the use of the electronic mail address to unaccompanied official business until further notice. Our IT staff will also closely monitor the use of the email system and call the attention of those who violate the new indemnity. Continued violation of the new email policy will result in employee dismissal.Due to the delicate nature of our POS business, our company has decided to implement a Unique Employee Password Generation system on a monthly basis to replace our elderly individiualized password system that was based upon personal choice. This change is being undertaken by our IT department in cooperation with our adult male Resources Department over the next month. You may access your Unique Employee Password by undertaking the emplacement by side(p) stepsShould you have any problems accessing your POS rights after the assignment of the ne w password, please do not waver to call the attention of Lisa Loeb at lisa.loebsmssales.com. She is our point person during the implementation of this new project and she will evermore be on call to help you sort out any problems you might have as we slowly roll out this new password system.As a valued member of Eco Hotel and Spas disposition Lovers unite, it is my honor and privilege to present you with this free voucher for a weekend stay at our newest and intimately environmentally friendly hotel, the Azure Beach Resort. Our newest waterfront hotel this side of Beverly Hills.Located in on the north side of Beverly Hills, the beach boasts of the finest white sand this side of California, the bluest water to rival the color of our skies, and the pristine and almost unaffected by human hands natural beauty of the forest adjacent to the hotel and beach. This members only beach rectify shall have its soft opening on June 15, 2013 with only a handful of carefully selected Nature Lovers Club members gracing the occassion. I am more than pleased to have this opportunity to

New product Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New product - look into Paper ExampleThis pricing strategy allows the business to attract customers through using persuading the customers emotionally in terms of the pricing messages (Schlag & Schade, 2003). The business set the prices of their offerings at prices points that seem unusual which makes the customers feel that the prices offered are los. For instance, to a greater extent consumers will go for the products with prices set at $29.99 rather than $30. This pricing strategy will attract the customers who ordinarily look for value of the product. The preference of this method is due to the chance that if gives to the business allowing it to attract more customers without ever-changing the content of the product.This pricing strategy allows the business to adjust pricing in favor of the customers with reference to grade of circumstances. The incompatibleial pricing may come in form of discounts coupons or rebates. The discounts will increase the subroutine of customer si nce it attracts those who might not be able to afford the original price. The differential pricing serves as a form of incentive to the customer since it relieves them of the supposed high prices.This is a pricing strategy apply by firms, which would like to sell different products in the same product range and at different prices points based on the features and benefits (Smith, 2012). It is suitable for the business since it would like to offer mobile grooming services that invariably come with multiple products. Mobile grooming is the primary while other product arises from this such as maintaining friendly environment for the pets.This strategy is suitable for Pyramid Solution business since it involves the firm being plastic in their prices (Smith, 2012). This pricing strategy allows the business to reduce the price of offering in the quest of attracting customers. It applies to virtually all existing industries hence it will be suitable for the business.Road transport invo lves the use of the throughway network to transport goods to

Implication of the growth of services sectors Essay

logical implication of the growth of function sectors - Essay Examplervices based prudence revolves around provision of work manage transportation, distribution or transfer of goods and money from one point to another. In much concrete terms, the go sector includes things like the provision of insurance, banking, retail operation, information access and entertainment or leisure services.The services sector is strongly linked to the other two sectors, for example, the provision of public utilities like water and electricity is often considered a part of the services sector while the installation, creation and development of reputes to tolerate those services come from the industrial economy. Moreover, an industrial economy can only be developed if in that respect is a food surplus in the agricultural sector of the same country. This is the reason that the normal stintingal progression of a nation might go from a complete dependence on agriculture, to a boost in industry an d finally towards a service based economic system.Historically speaking, the UK holds the flummox of being the first country to develop and exist as a services based economic system (Wikipedia, 2006). While it took the British Empire a few centuries to develop a services economy (helped in no small part by the colonies), modern economies are developing a services sector much faster than England. India for instance, is moving towards a services based economy at a rapid pace while the industrialisation of India is slower than the growth of the services sector (Economist, 2006).However, the UK is much more interested in the services sector since more than 70% of the British economy is based in services which means any dip in the economic indicators there will have a drastic effect on the overall economic conditions of the country (Economist, 2005). Similarly, the growth potential of the economy in the services zone is stunted because marginal growth would not only be difficult, it wou ld also mean that government resources are being utilised inefficiently if the same

Treating Juvenile as adults Affects the Community Essay

Treating Juvenile as adults Affects the Community - Essay ExampleFirst, the safety of the New York community deteriorates significantly when courts treat children as adults for their alleged crimes (Schneiderman, 2015). Study findings foregod by the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on teen Development and Juvenile Justice in 2006 found out that public safety was at take a chance when courts tried youths as adults, and especially when these youths were found guilty and jailed (Jordan, 2014). Trying and ruling juvenile as grownups threatens the welfare and security of these children. In New York, delinquents tried as adults were discovered to be more attached to breaking the law again or behaving violently. This means New York youths tried this way were more probable to go back to jail at substantially higher rates than those tried as juveniles. The release of such youths back into the new York community after serving their term endangers the community.Secondly, the communi ty suffers a decrease in white-collar employees or applicants as previously convicted youths do not quality for white-collar jobs with a criminal record (Goidel et al., 2006). Youths tried as adults are forced to carry this mark for life, which makes it hard for them to found their lives academically, professionally, and even socially. The physical and often psychological health of such youths is ruined practically. The outcome of a lifelong criminal record can include substantial limits to higher learning and employment, likely deportation, and the deprivation of lodgment privileges (Schneiderman, 2015). New Yorks economy suffers from this outcome as such people do not kick down as much to the communitys progress as they ought to or would.Thirdly, ethnic groups, neighborhoods, or communities from which youths tried as adults come from leave behind be affected by such trying more than others will (Jordan, 2014). This is because law enforcement is more probable to target such co mmunities on statistical and legal basis and proof. Eventually, the handling

Should All College Courses Be Specifically Related to a Future Essay

Should All College Courses Be Specifically Related to a Future Occupation - Essay casingMost college students, therefore, have their outstanding aspiration of settling for their future careers after graduation as their shopping mall objective. It becomes indisputable that the number of citizens served by college graduates, in their areas of specialization, is high. The nature of the professions handled by graduates is that of a highly critical endeavor, more or lesstimes involving health and foreign relations issues. The fact that many colleges prioritize future channel of learners rather than enhancing students with capacious comprehension of other skills becomes worrying. The effect of this mode of learning can spread to bring extensive implications, some negative and irreversible. Teaching in colleges should not only include training in future occupation but also other complementary life skills. Unless such complementary skills appear among college courses, the value of edu cation gets to a compromising situation. There is no doubt the importance of college education in ensuring a closure to life problems and challenges as climate change and economic crisis, among others, is great. In fact, there is a high necessity for innovation that makes the quality of life better than it is, or even cheap to afford. All these are doable with intensive training, of college students, in their future occupation. ... Besides the knowledge of research, college students should learn other skills as oratory nomenclature delivery, among other courses. A case in point would be a college student pursuing international relations or political science courses. If, for instance, the student lacks the knowledge of oratory speech delivery, it becomes a challenge. Others whitethorn argue that such skills, mentioned, form part of the lesson plans of their related courses. It is true they do. However, it is questionable how many graduates can bind the skills, exceptionally and in an outstanding way.

'To what extent is the study of the self relevant to social care work' Essay

To what extent is the study of the egotism relevant to social care work - Essay display caseThese three are the core pillars that a soul should always put into consideration in establishing an impressive community involvement.The importance of k flating the reflexive consciousness aspect is that it covers egotism awareness, self knowledge and self value. These three creates a doorway for a person to see the outline of his personal being in front engaging into inter-personal activity like social work. First self awareness and self knowledge provides a person a clear blue print of his strengths and weaknesses that as a result, provides a strong self conceptualization. The main goal here is for self enhancement which is very historic to achieve self esteem whenever a person will engage in a social work. Confident to relate with former(a) can be acquired if a person knows that he will be effective enough to do by social situations. It is a matter of getting into the public, so a persons knowledge of his self creates a path or direction on how to bridge to the public.The next thing that follows in concord self is the interpersonal and social capabilities that are achieved in effectively knowing your self. At this point, what is important is to how you can cater with the social world. This is dealing with other people, so self enhancement will now come from the feed back that a person could get from the people. This is a matter of presenting self to the auberge which is the core rule of social and interpersonal being. In developing social and interpersonal skill, a person will be guided by the concept of knowing what the society and culture of the society wants, indeed gathering impressions from the social world. Competence in dealing with others is on the basis of the impression management which is an outside(a) factor.At the end, the most important part which establishes the relationship between self and social work is when a person will be doing his function as social care agent which requires self

Military National and International Security Studies Essay

Military National and worldwide Security Studies - Essay ExampleIt is stated by the tec that today the interests of the security forces are have-to doe with on attainment of security, peace and prosperity among all the citizens of the nation and other nations with a similar focal point to that of the U.S.A. The national security of the United States of America has been revolutionized through the promulgation of a security strategy entry entitled, National military strategy of the united nations (2011). This was launched by the chairman of the joint security staff and endorsed by the president and the minister of state for defense. To succeed in its mission, the joint security forces were keen to overemphasize on the importance of integrating its security visions with those of the other elements of power in the state. The revolutionized American security strategy, that was a of import focus of the discussion of the essay recognizes the application of principled leadership in the military intervention strategy with only a small allowance left for the use of force and coercion when diplomacy fails. The researcher mentiones that the success of this particular strategy requires that the security forces of the state are integrated well with the Americas power twist to facilitate its effectiveness. In conclusion, the researcher sums uo his study on the topic and states that American security agencies emphasize on the use of a more humble attitude with regards to other states relationships. Diplomacy is emphasized more and cottony power such as foreign aid and less use of coercion and force.

Org behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Org behavior - Assignment ExampleThey do this by managing costs, increasing costs or travail both. Essential product positioning, innovation, and targeting marketing can pose an increase in sales, while improving processes and unequivocal overhead expenses can reduce costs. Also, draw offrs provide timely and effective revelation of information that is relevant to altogether the stakeholders. The revelation of this information highlights the organizations respect towards their stakeholders. In addition, organizations set up code of morals or rules and regulations for their employees and managers. These rules and regulations direct the way managers and organizations employees handle and relate with other stakeholders (Brickley, Smith, Zimmerman, & Willett, 2000).Entrepreneurship creates value and copasetic results for stakeholders by instigating innovative business ideas that promote future prosperity and wealth building in an organization. Moreover, entrepreneurship promotes t he health and progress of an organization. It achieves this by creating fresh opportunities of business in all areas of the organization. On the other hand, entrepreneurship promotes innovation and increases net profit of an organization. Lack of entrepreneurial action may make an organization not to get to its maximum qualification (Brickley, Smith, Zimmerman, & Willett, 2000). Nonetheless, any knowledge that enters or is produced by the organization should create value to all the stakeholders.Organizational theory, architectural plan and change, structure and culture, have an interconnecting role in an organization. Organizational theory refers to the duty of an organization on the touch on of the surrounding on the operational outline of the organization and how the organization works in the environment. This depicts an association with the cause and effect law. The organizational design and change points to how and why a variety of methods are selected. This helps the organ ization to manage its culture

Fashion in History - Bridging the Gap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

mood in History - Bridging the Gap - Essay ExampleThe essay Fashion in History - Bridging the Gap gives a review of the article of McRobbie and discusses it. She says that use by many is considered to be a feminist character and the different aspects regarding it are left untouched by many writers. The situation regarding the production of the goods of consumption, the money which accounts for the consumption are each(prenominal) missed when talking about it. That is there is no reference to the difficulties women ache to face for the consumption of goods. The fact that the females actually consume goods not only for themselves nevertheless also their children and their house is not seen. She says that consumption is a wide topic and that females are considered to be the main consumers just explains one part of the consumption process. The ethnicity, gender and class are also missed upon when consumption is talked about. The problem of how poor females cope up with issues of c onsumption, the link between consumption and production is not considered. then McRobbie argues that a lot of major issues are overlooked and for a proper understanding of the consumption phenomenon, all criteria and facts regarding it should be seen. Many writers like Pumphrey, Felsky and Reekie have discussed regarding the fact that consumption has been dominated by females and Pumphrey and Reekie have examine the issue of consumption a bit ahead but again not all aspects have been viewed. With an advance in education, the issue of consumption started to get discussed in the late twentieth century.

What are the Causes of Mortgage Fraud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What are the Causes of Mortgage Fraud - test ExampleFailure to apply the necessary belowwriting guidelines comes in the form of deliberately refusing to apply the required mortgage agree procedures, which in turn lead to the misrepresentation of facts regarding the ability of the borrower to compensate the mortgage. Therefore, inadequate appraisal of the borrower has highly contributed to mortgage fraud, since if it is non done accurately at the initial stages of evaluation, the risks associated may not be identified, until it is as well late, and the borrower has already started defaulting on the mortgage repayment (USRMR, 10). Thus, the major problem underlying mortgage fraud is not the provision of inaccurate records by the borrower. Instead, the major contributors to mortgage fraud are inadequate quality function application, poor underwriting practices and poor valuation of borrowers assets (USRMR, 4).The regulators and specialists applied lenient measures in the mortgage underwriting standards in the disclose of innovation, seeking to make the process of acquiring mortgage loans easier and convenient for low income households (Liebowitz, 7). However, these innovations declined the mortgage underwriting standards and weakened the control policies. This served the purpose of making mortgage underwriting allow-income all income earners, increasing home ownership and raising the prices of houses (Liebowitz, 15). Therefore, speculators purchased and sold houses under minimal underwriting control, increasing their profits by a greater margin and then running outside from the market when the crisis became eminent. This left the mortgage business with large debts owed by home owners who could not manage to repay the loans, thus causing the acceleration of the mortgage crisis (Liebowitz, 24).

A Memorable Event And Learnt Lesson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Memorable Event And Learnt Lesson - Essay ExampleI immortalize vividly on that cold chilly morning on my way to take a coach-and-four to school, when I encountered a situation that has since taught me courage. This is the day I met with my score fears face to face, but because of courage, I overcame my worst fear in life. My heart was pounding against my chest as I dropped the bag in my hand, which had my books, and raised both my arms. Deep inside, I was afraid, but with a little courage, I charged at my fears. fight bulls I was yelling at two lapidate bulls, which were charging a small boy that was ahead of me on the similar lane. The small boy had fit and was now helpless. He lay down in anguish, time lag to be mauled by the two animals. However, since I was behind the small boy and saw his helplessness, I did not want to experience the sight of a small helpless boy being mauled mercilessly reclaim in front of me by two pit bulls.I continued to yell frantically at the pit bulls and ran toward the small boy. Even though I ran toward the boy, I had no idea of how I was going to provided him. With my bag on the road and books scattered, I ran after the pit bulls toward direction of the boy, while continuing to yell at the pit bulls. Surprisingly, the pit bulls were distracted by my yelling, stopped running after the small boy, and drifted their direction to me. This was the defining moment. I would choose to either run absent or face the pit bulls to hold the small boy to escape. I shouted at the small boy to rise up and run as far as he could. When I saw the small boy running away and the pit bulls coming after me, I felt a sense of relief, even though I was supposed to be afraid that the pit bulls would maul me. I tried running away and undulation at a passing car to save me, but alas, the pit bulls were right there by my side. One pit bull jumped on me, while the other started to bite my legs. I closed my eye and screamt in pain and anguish. Luckily, a car pulled over. I was highly relieved to learn that it was the owner of the dogs, as the dogs immediately rushed to the car when the person inside it stepped out. The owner, who was searching for his pit bulls was highly apologetic and helped me with showtime aid on the bites before driving me to the hospital. Although the pain on my body from the claws and bites of the pit bulls was excruciating, I afforded to smile when I remembered that I did it for a small helpless boy. After leaving the hospital on the same day, I went home and received a hero

Lefeveres Concept of Translation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Lefeveres Concept of Translation - Essay ExampleThe work of Andr Lefevere in translation studies is based on some very strongly held views about the temper of writing and rewriting as these activities read been conceived throughout all of human history. The quotation mentioned above summarizes one particular diagnose theory of his, which is concerned with the relationship which exists between translation and power. This paper will examine Lefeveres impression of translation by breaking the statement quoted above into four distinct segments, each of which will be discussed in turn The first of the four segments of Lefeveres quotation is quite straightforward and seems simple tolerable at first reading. Lefevre classifies translation as a rewriting of an original textbook. It is true that translations are rewritings or re-formulations of other texts, but it is questionable whether translations are always rewritings of an original text. Many post-structuralists would maintain tha t no text is ever truly original since every text stands in some relation to texts which have at peace(p) before. The concept of intertextuality indeed assumes a long chain of connections reaching back in time and crossways cultures so that every text that exists could be said to be a rewriting, or a decoding and re-encoding of other texts. Other scholars would argue that the very concept of text is fraught with problems because that text changes its nature every single time it is read by another person. What a reader puts into a text is, therefore, from this point of view, just as important as what the writer puts in, what the translator puts in, and what the text gathers to itself through triple other unintended connections. Looking back over world literature it is very striking that stories which authors have written over the centuries have depended on other stories, legends and texts that have come before.

What Sets Us Apart Essay Example for Free

What Sets Us Apart EssayIn the essay What Sets us Apart, by Mortimer B. Zuckerman, he examines the issue of how America is regarded by foreign countries and the hold up-to doe with America has in these countries. Zuckerman acknowledges of Hollywood lend to a significant piece of Americas soft power on how we are perceived by early(a) countries meaning that American culture is non viewed favorable by separate countries because of Hollywood.Zuckermans perception is something that I comply with unfortunately, America is viewed in a negative way by other countries because of Hollywood contributing to an askew image of America, a misperception by foreign countries, and the tolerance by the American troupe. First of all, the reason Hollywood has such a profound impact on the appearance on American society, is because they supply over 70 percent of the European film makers and 90 percent to the respite of the world.Sadly, Hollywood targets the younger population audience who co nstitute the bulk of the film industry, which has a tremendous impact to what movies contain. Of course, being a younger crowd will imply more action, violence, sex, and special effects, which seems as though it will not have an effect but it does. Since Hollywood is the biggest supplier of films to other countries, whatever is evincen in these films (action, violence, sex, and special effects) will reflect the American lifestyle.Thanks to these images, Hollywood has made Americanism a dirty word. Furthermore, these misperceptions of the American lifestyle has made foreign countries once favorable opinions of the United States drop in recent years. The emancipation portrayed in America gives rise to the fears of an up rise by the people in a communism country. Thus making democracy less attractive, rather than displaying the beauty of democracy. People from foreign countries that have strong set see our society with little to no morals, and a lot of promiscuity.All of these fact ors emitted by the media have attributed to making America a less desirable place to other countries. Moreover, the American society has tolerated and accepted what the media has presented to other foreign countries. The purchase of any these products means we have accepted what is being displayed and agree with what is shown in them. As Americans we pauperization to educate other countries that we are educated individuals whom have strong values and value diversity. We need to show how organized and well-established we are as a democratic society.Here in America, freedom and liberty is granted to individuals in their lifestyle choices. Being American grants us the freedom that not many countries offer as Americans we can demonstrate the beautiful attributes we have as a society. Overall, we need to demonstrate and educate countries whom view us poorly that we are not what the media displays. Instead, let us show the beautiful aspects of life this country offers to all ethnicities. Here, in America, like Zuckerman said we are provided with self-help, self-improvement, and self-renovation that no other country can offer.

The Effects of Eating Fast Food Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Eating spendthrift fare EssayAmericans have been choosing dissolute fare as a replacement for classic homemade meals for many another(prenominal) of years. It is fast and convenient, provided the negative cause outweigh the good solutions by a gigantic shot. Eating fast forage daily affects Americans health, diet, leaves a hole in their pocket, and even changes their general mood. The effects might not be seen right away, but after time they will start to tack on up. It has been proved that replacing a homemade meal with fast aliment has had a huge effect on Americans health. It does not take a scientist to figure out that fast food is not a good choice. Basically, fast food is high in calories, salt, sodium, and fat. This can cause weight gain and diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and that is just naming a few. A survey of how often Americans ate fast food in the last 60 days states that 25% of Americans have eaten fast food everyday and it is solitary(prenominal) rising (Ludwig). If we do not act soon about this, the numbers can only nominate worse. Fast food has changed America as a whole but it affects their diet the most.Fast food contains double the amount of calories as home cooked meals do. A 2007 survey from Hara Maranos journal, The Far refer Of Fast Food, found that the average fast food lunch in New York totaled 827 calories. That is close to half of an average Americans daily calorie intake. With more(prenominal) and more fast food commercials advertising a new burger or a new sandwich, it lines it even more tempting to make a quick stop at a fast food restaurant.Students who have open campuses at schools or colleges over Schell 5 the lunch period are pretty much obligated to go for fast food. They are mindless on time and need something fast and cheap. It may seem alike(p) a plus at first. Fast and cheap food, why not? Students are so short on time they tend to forget about what they are pu tting in their mouth. Americans are expenditure $110 billion annually on fast food, as stated by Marcella and Gretas article, suspend The Fast Food Trap. Money spent on fast food could go towards payments for a high education, mortgage, computers, or new automobiles. Which is a better choice?5. 6% of Americans income goes to fast food (Durand ). For a someone to realize how much of their money is going to fast food, save it instead and count it after a few months. It is amazing how much money is being spent on food. After filling up after a quick meal, the feeling is often happy or satisfied. That feeling will not last for long because it also causes depression. According to Kelly Brownells article, In Your Face How the Food Industry Drives Us to Eat,it is a proven fact that fat, greasy food can negatively change a mood.It also stated that if an average American eats it at least three times a hebdomad he or she is 50% more likely to break off depression. This is a lose-lose s ituation because eating a lot of fast food is proven to cause depression, but Americans who are depressed tend to bite to food. Some can completely disagree on every negative effect that was stated above. They struggle that it is cheap and affordable and it makes your children happy. They must have not thought about the prices of their hospital bills once they develop diabetes, heart disease, stroke, or become obese.They argue Schell 6 that it makes your children happy, so why not give them what they want. If they get what they want while growing up they will soon become used to it and will infer of fast food as an everyday meal. Not to mention, restaurants that serve fast food provide Americans with traffic opportunities. That is one positive effect of the rising fast food restaurants being built. Therefore, the unemployed will be able to get an easy job causing the unemployment rate to go down. However, working around food only makes it more tempting to eat a quick burger or s carf down a few fries on break.Lastly, Americans should realize that the bad factors outweigh the good when it comes to eating fast food every single day. Also that it is not worth replacing the classic, tasty homemade meals. Saving more time by going through the drive thru sounds more important at the time but it is not worth it in the end. A homemade meal takes, at the most, 60 minutes of an Americans day to make a healthier, tastier meal. Fast food affects Americans long term health. It changes their diet and it soon becomes hard to control. It is proven that it causes depression and it starts to take a toll on your wallet.

Odysseus analysis Essay Example for Free

Odysseus analysis EssayOdysseus himself, Pheidon said, had gone to Dodona to find out the impart of genus Zeus from the great oak-tree that is sacred to the god, how he should approach his own native impose aft(prenominal) so dogged an absence, openly or in disguise. So he is safe and will soon be back. Indeed, he is very close. His exile from his friends and country will be ended soon and you shall have my oath as well. I swear first by Zeus, the best and greatest of the gods, and then by the great Odysseus open fireplace which I have come to, that everything will happen as I foretell. This very month Odysseus will be here, between the warning of the old moon and the waxing of the new. Through Pheidons point of view, this passage illustrates Odysseus establish to his familyland of Ithaca, which is near the end of his journey in Homers book of The Odyssey. Also, this passage shows the relation Odysseus had with the Greek gods, notably the al efficiencyy Zeus. In those da ys, to seek advice from the straightforwards only few had the privilege of doing. This shows that Odysseus was sumptuous and important in those days.The succeeding(prenominal) passage which exemplifies Odysseus journey is when he first reveals himself to his loyal supporters, Philoetius, and Eumaeus in his home country after 20 years (Book 21, page 282, lines 200-206) Father Zeus, the cowman said, hear my prayer. May some power lead him home Youd soon know my strength and the power of my right arm. And Eumaeus added a prayer to all the gods that the wise Odysseus might see him home again. Odysseus, thus assured of their genuine feelings, said Well, here I am Yes, I myself, home again in my own country in the twentieth year after untold suffering. This passage is significant in Odysseus journey, because this is the first time he is revealing his heroic identity. Odysseus was looking for companions to debate alongside him against the suitors, but he first had to find his loyalis ts. After Philoetius and Eumaeus genuinely showed their gratitude for Odysseus, he finally reveals himself after 20 years. The next passage takes place during a conversation between Penelope and Odysseus. After a period of 20 years separated from each other, the two finally have time to converse. Odysseus starts with his heroic victory over the Cicones(Book 23, page 308, line 310-313) He began with his victory over the Cicones and his visit to the fertile land where the Lotus-eaters live. He spoke of what the Cyclops did, and the price he had made him pay for the fine men he ruthlessly devoured. In this passage, Odysseus describes his heroic journey to the fertile land where the Cyclops lived. He then explains some how he made the man-eating Cyclops pay for what they had done. This passage really sheds light upon Odysseus heroic side, because he acted for the good of men on that journey. Part 2.Risk taking Odysseus is first to act when hunting a encampment of savage boars. (When he obtained his infamous scar on his leg. (Book 19, page 261, lines 446-450) . Odysseus was the first to act. Poising his long spear in his great hand, he rushed the forward, eager to strike. But the boar was too quick and caught him above the knee, where he gave him a long flesh-wound with a cross lunge of his tusk, but failed to reach the bone. Trusting Odysseus out Philoetius in charge of his estates cattle, which proves that he put trust into his true friends.(Book 20, page 271, lines 209-211) . Odysseus, that marvellous man who put me in charge of his cattle in the Cephallenian country when I was only a youth. Courageous When Odysseus had travelled to Telepylus, the Laestrygonians had unmake his fleet, and all his fighting men. Odysseus then had to escape alone on the black ship. . Next he told how he came to Telepylus, where the Laestrygonians destroyed his fleet and all his fighting men, the black ship that carried him being the only one to pass water away

United States foreign policy relations to international politics Essay Example for Free

linked States foreign policy relations to supranational politics EssayA foreign policy is a policy that governs, or gives directives on how a state relates with other state and non-state actors on the international scene. It is unremarkably broad in that it governs issues of military, economic as well as trade. In many countries including the United States the chairman is usually the chief negotiator of the foreign policy. The foreign relations of the United States are highly powerful on the world stage. The officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the United States, as mentioned in the overseas Policy Agenda of the U. S.Department of State, are to create a more secure, democratic, and prosperous world for the get of the American people and the international community. In addition, the United States House Committee on Foreign personal business states as some of its jurisdictional goals export controls, including nonproliferation of nuclear technology and nuclear hard fighte measures to cling to commercial intercourse with foreign nations and to safeguard American business abroad International commodity agreements international education and protection of American citizens abroad and expatriation. . HISTORY OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY Americas foreign policy has been changing since independence in 1776. There are times when it was inclined to isolationism, at other times selective engagement and others containment. The foreign policy is also widely associated with the military. In the faux pas of the United States the president is the chief negotiator of the foreign policy through the ministry of foreign affairs headed by the secretary of state, who is the primary conductor of state-to-state diplomacy.In the united states the President is also Commander in question of the military, and as such has broad authority over the armed forces once they are deployed whether for domestic or for the purposes of the international community. Due to th e fact that the president has veto powers within the country the executive has been able to apparatus foreign policy decisions at the expense of the legislature. Some of the recent examples of this are the governments decision to wage war in Afghanistan and Iraq.In this regard the executive has also widely kept the legislature in the sable concerning the CIA and us military operations overseas especially on the issue of their humanitarian records and treatment of terrorist suspects in CIA detention camps overseas. The United States is one of the two largest democracies in the world the other being India. As therefrom the United States government should have given the legislature the privilege of being a major assistant in formulating the foreign policy. Instead the executive has gone ahead to even defy the doctrines of the United Nations to which it is a signatory.In so doing the public has been kept in the dark on issues that even though they gullt affect them directly they ar e still of an important nature. American foreign policy has been the surmount of much debate and criticism both domestically and abroad. Charges of negative influence have been levied even in countries traditionally considered allies of the United States. This has been mainly so since the foreign policy is designed in a way that it is only good if and only if the recipient country is willing to play by U.S legal injury if not so then everything changes.CONCLUSION The American foreign policy can be seen as an extension of the executive this is because many policy decisions even if they are discussed by the telling the executive implements them to its cause terms. This has caused many negative criticisms from both domestically and internationally since even when an issue is approved by the congress the executive has had a tendency of over implementing the policies turning good intentions into a bad policy implementation. advertUS Dept of State Foreign Policy Agenda. accessible at http//usinfo. state. gov/pub/ejournalusa/foreignpolagenda. html Committee on Foreign Affairs U. S. House of Representatives . available at http//www. internationalrelations. house. gov James M. Scott (1998) After the End CL making U. S. Foreign Policy in the Post-cold War World, Duke University Press. Israel, Iran top negative list, Nick Childs, 6 March 2007. Available at http//news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/middle_east/6421597. stm

Comparing Ulysses Essay Example for Free

Comparing Ulysses EssayBoth Ulysses and Macbeth were up to(p) to accumulate power of kingship, but the way they gained the powers ar different. In this essay I am going to contrast how they regard power, both differently and similarly. I intend to use Heinemann, (1994), version of Macbeth by Shakespeare and the class loss of Ulysses. The main focus of Macbeth allow be from Act1 Scene 7, lines 1-28 and Act 2 Scene 1, line 33-61, whilst I will in like manner take account of other related part throughout the play. Since Lord Tennyson and William Shakespeare are from different era in the history, their perspective of the world will be different, therefore I will also mention about Shakespeares and Lord Tennysons different perspective towards power and language they used. Most broad writers reflect their attitude to life on their work, so it is important to consider the social and historical ground of the Jacobeans- the time when Shakespeare wrote the play, and the Victorian time, when Lord Tennyson was alive.In Victorian times, Britain was a powerful country. There were unlimited opportunities for primarily the upper class people to broaden their knowledge by going to new places and experience the inappropriate cultures. When Lord Tennyson wrote this poem, he was grieving over his best friends death. By writing this poem he was able to express his emotional feeling as well as to persuade him to let it go. He also had the opportunities to tell people that it is never too late to seek a newer world.For examples, Ulysses new world would be the later on life world and Lord Tennysons new world would be the world without his best friend. At the end of Macbeth, the moral we get is that never to cross the line of Divine Order. During Jacobean time, they believed that the duty of the poove is chosen by God They believed that every living organism has an order and it is decided by God, this is expect the Divine Order. If one decides to go against the Divine Order, like killing the King to be the monarchy himself then, he had through with(p) something that is very morbid during the Jacobeans going against God.Shakespeare tried show that by the cost of Macbeth have to face after he had murdered the King, one example is that he lost his respects from his courtiers and at the end he was all by himself. Jacobeans were also very superstitious they believed that witches are evil because they worship demon, so if there was a plague or a natural disaster, they blamed on the witches they are first trust to trials and then was executed, mainly hanged or burned. Because Shakespeare made Macbeth associate with the witches by talking and worse of all rely them, that made Macbeth evil.Shakespeare did this to please his King, King jam, as he was against the supernatural and was able help King James to spread the evilness of the witches through his play. The poem, Ulysses started by a slow rhythm. Lord Tennyson managed this by using the course wi th long vowels such as, hoard, and sleep, and feed. These words give us the sense of dullness and mundane, which was how Ulysses feels at the beginning. However, as we go further down the poem, the dullness was decrease as he started to talk about his adventurous days.

Population Change And Resource Cousumption Essay Example for Free

pot Change And Resource Cousumption EssayIntroductionThe Islands of the Caribbean has for centuries been beguiling to travelers and a major tourist destination. The islands argon in truth famous and popular for their stretches of beaches with soft sand and the slatternly life that the island offers. The islands are located at the south east region of North America towards the easterly side of Central America. The Caribbean consists of all all over 7, 000 islands.The islands are a chain that is 2, 500 miles long and over one hundred sixty miles wide. These islands bedevil enclosed the Caribbean Sea. The islands support a very exceptional diversity of ecosystem. These however have been jeopardize by pissing pollution, human encroachment as well as deforestation, McGranahan, G., S. Lewin, (1999).The map below shows the islands of the Caribbean. The Caribbean Population change The tribe in the Caribbean has been growing tremendously. It is approximated that the nation ha s increased by 85% for the days in the midst of 1970 and 2001.This is approximately an increase from 285 million people to around 528million people. Over this same period, the annual community exploitation rate has fallen from 2.5% to 1.5%.This is largely attributed to urbanization, factors to do with social development and change programs of birth control, Leakey, Richard and Roger Lewin, (1996).The majority of the universe of discourse in the Caribbean is more concentrated along the coastline where the land terrain is gently sloping. Consequently the high macrocosm, along the Caribbean coastline female genitalia result to high pollution of the body of irrigate system supply by the facilities for sanitation which more often than not exit be located close to the weewee sources.The figure below shows the population size in the Caribbean islands by country. PosCountryPopulation1Cuba11,382,8202Domini weed Republic9,183,9843Haiti8,528,000Puerto Rico (United States)3,955,000 4Jamaica2,651,0005Trinidad and Tobago1,305,000Guadeloupe (France)448,000Martinique (France)396,0006Bahamas323,0007Barbados279,000Netherlands Antilles (Netherlands)183,0008Saint Lucia161,0009Saint Vincent and the Grenadines119,000United States Virgin Islands (United States)112,00010Grenada103,000Aruba (Netherlands)99,00011Antigua and Barbuda81,00012Dominica79,000Cayman Islands (United Kingdom)48,000Bermuda (United Kingdom)64,00013Saint Kitts and Nevis43,000Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom)26,000British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)22,000Anguilla (United Kingdom)12,000Montserrat (United Kingdom)4,000Source UNEP, (2000) retrieve to water in the CaribbeanWater introduction in the Caribbean is insufficient. This is more so in the rural areas and among the low- consume population. By the year 2004, it was approximated that at least 9% of the Caribbean population or 50m million people had down the stairsstaffed access to the supply of water, Shiklomanov, (2000).In addition it was similarly approximated that 132 million people translating to 23% of the population had inadequate access to sanitation. The accessibility of water supply still remains unpredictable to date considering the financial constraints of the local anesthetic and central government in the Caribbean and the inadequate finances in the service providers sector.The Caribbean islands have over the years greatly caused water pollution due to poor sanitation.For instance, in the Caribbean, only an approximate 50% of the population can be able to access the sewer system. This is quite alarming with emphasis on the fact that even the existing sewer systems are not at most instances functioning properly.26 percent of the Caribbean population uses other different sanitation forms like abscessed tanks and variety of latrine types.The lack of newly water in the Caribbean can be attributed to the problems of inadequate elections in the forms of finance and human capital. However, demographic an d physical factors in like manner transmit in that at that place is a shortage of a base for natural resources and limitation of surface areas, Hopfenberg, Russell and Pimentel, David, (2001).For instance, there is limited space for fresh water, arable land, and convectional sources of energy and mineral resources. The Caribbean is also vulnerable to natural disasters, which via media the availability of the water recourses within the islands.Types of Caribbean water use In the Caribbean, water is used both for municipal purposes and economic use. The water is used especially in the farming of bananas and cotton among other crops. The use of water per capita in the Caribbean varies from one country to another. It is also different in the various urban areas, rural areas. It also varies depending on the numbers of people with public taps, house connection or even where there lacks an improved water source.It is estimated that in average the water use in the urban areas is approx imately 240liters per capita every day. This level of water use is as high as the water use in the United States. It is also two times higher than water use in Central Chile.The Quality of WaterThe fiber of water in the Caribbean is poor even to those people that can access it. This is clearly indicated by the intermittent water supply within the countries in the Caribbean. There is also very low pressure of the water and in fact, the drinking water is of low quality. M. Wackernagel, M., Manfreda C., and Deumling D., (2002).However, there is about difference on water qualities some of the countries and cities, some of the cities and countries have good quality water and a consistent supply and are on par with the water quality and supply in the developed countries.Inspire of the high amounts of rainfall acquire in the Caribbean islands, the availability of fresh water is quite a big problem. The island commonly goes with onerous shortages of fresh water. This is especially so b ecause of the limited storage capacity for storing water to be used during the alter periods.It is not achievable to construct large water reservoirs since the land resource is scarce. More over, the heavy down pours accompanied by very steep topography, soil that is easily eroded, river channels that are short, all can contribute to heavy siltation of the water reservoirs reducing the capacity of water storage even further.In the Caribbean, people often depend on nation water though only limited quantities of this important resource is available. The fact that the islands in the Caribbean are surrounded by salty water makes fresh water unavailable even from secret sources.Water problems and the potential solutions in the CaribbeanThe lack of access to quality safe waterThe problem of water safety in the Caribbean can be solved. This can be done through the desalination of the sea water that surrounds the island so that there is a constant supply of quality and fresh water. Howe ver, this would call for the use of high technology which is very costly and expensive.The technology may not be available in the Caribbean but it would be a good solution to the water shortage in this area. In the recent past however, the Caribbean has improved in terms of water access, for instance it is estimated that water access has increased from 33% of the people in the year 1970 to an approximate 85% in the year 2000.This then implies that almost seventy seven million people are still lacking the supply of water in their houses.Lack of Access to SanitationSanitation is very important to any healthy population a proper sanitation system should be gift in place to ensure that the go down on from the Caribbean island is disposed appropriately. Since most of the people live along the coastline, the sewer systems should be located away from these areas to go along or even stop polluting the surrounding water sources, Kurlansky, M. (1992).For example, a large portion of the p opulation uses septic tanks and latrines, the rest of the people do not have safe access to sanitation. Some of the people in the Caribbean use underground water resources and this can be contaminated by poor sanitation facilities. visitation to treat sanitation wasteIn the Caribbean, only the sewerage and waste of at least 14% of the homes gets treatment from the local plants. The rest of the waste finds its way down to rivers, oceans, lakes and the aquifers at located underground. This is a health hazard and risks the aquatic life within the region.It has the potential to damage the ecological system. To curb this problem, all the sewage and related waste should be treated with the available sanitary plants. More of such facilities should be put up to immediately stop the waste from draining to the water bodies. This way the available water sources will be clean and free of contamination.Service provisionThe authority of provision of sanitation and clean water rests in the hands of either the national or regional companies or the municipalities. Consequently, the municipalities that are large have established municipal or even inter-municipal utilities for the public use, Ron N., (2006).The finances from these utilities are kept separately from the larger finances of the cities. This has caused misunderstandings and mismanagement of the public facilities. The system should be streamlined so that there is no disorderliness in the provision of the utilities and that efficiency and effectiveness is maintained. It should be cleared up on the roles and responsibilities of the various governance that mange and regulate these essential utilities.Ground waterLack of water reservoirs in the Caribbean call for the use of under ground water sources. These sources do not have enough water supply but they sustain to put the water problems at manageable levels. However, the ground water is threatened by pollution and over exploitation, Kurlansky, M. (1992).The availa ble aquifers have been over used or polluted by the agricultural activities and mining. The under ground water sources should be taken care of and at all cost not be polluted. The aquifers are of utmost importance in the Caribbean and the government and other non-governmental organizations should come to the aid of these resources.Population controlThe population in the Caribbean is over concentrated within the costal areas. The resources within this coastal region are over stretched and very vulnerable to pollution and over use.Efforts should be done to see that the population is evenly distributed or that the facilities and especially sanitation in the over populated areas increased. By over stretching the facilities to beyond the possible limits, the Caribbean is putting the future of its populations health at a risk, Rogozinski, J (1999).ConclusionThe Caribbean is a fascinating series of island with a lot of economic activities especially tourism. The islands however are faced w ith a population problem and the scarcity of quality and clean water sources. Most of the available sources like the underground aquifers are over used or even polluted. The sanitation facilities within this region are very wanting and a lot has to be done to keep water problems at a outer space in these very attractive islands, Shiklomanov, (2000).ReferencesRogozinski, J (1999) A Brief History of the Caribbean, New YorkKurlansky, M. (1992) A unstained of Islands Searching for the Caribbean Destiny, Addison-Wesley PublishingRon N., (2006) The Little Green Handbook Seven Trends Shaping the Future of Our Planet, Picador, New YorkWackernagel, M., Manfreda C., and Deumling D., (2002) bionomic Footprint of NationsHopfenberg, Russell and Pimentel, David, (2001) Human Population Numbers as a Function of Water Supply, environment, Development and SustainabilityShiklomanov, (2000) estimation and Assessment of World Water Resources, Water InternationalUNEP, (2000) Global Environmental Out look, Earth scan Publications, London, UKLeakey, Richard and Roger Lewin, (1996) The one-sixth Extinction Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind, Anchor,McGranahan, G., S. Lewin, (1999) Environmental Change and Human Health in the Caribbean, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

Global Communication Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Global communion Worksheet EssayYour supervisor wants to send a brief e-mail message, welcoming employees recently transferred to your department from various regions crossways the company, which ar Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Create a clear and concise delightful message that would be enchant for these groups of employees.Research the communication style of each of the following countriesBrazilRussiaIndiaChinaTranscribe the following welcome message for the employees from each countryI wanted to welcome you ASAP to our little family here in the States. Its high time we shook hands in person and not just across the sea. Im pleased as punch about getting to know you all, and I for wholeness will do my level best to sell you on America.Complete the table below with your get down welcome messages. Also indicate whether each of the countries are more individualistic or relationship focused, and whether they are direct or indirect in their communication.CountryTranscrib e Welcome MessageRelationship or Individualistic?Direct or Indirect?

Cosmic Race Essay Example for Free

cosmic Race EssayThe term Cosmic Race is also known as La raza cosmica which was based on the opinions of some Mexican Scholars in the 1920s who held that since the Latin Americans held the blood of all the races, the transcended the races of the Old World. This term basically embodies the idea that traditional, unshared concepts of race and nationality can be transcended in the name of humanitys common destiny (MacLachlan, 1980). While the idea of the origins or creation of the Cosmic Race has been attributed to other races, there is no denying that it was the Spaniards who played a major spot in this. The open-mindedness, in this case the open philosophy and attitude of Spain regarding culture and society, was influential in creating this cosmic race. Spain realized that the key to being commensurate to build a vital and flourishing economy in the colony was to build a common denominator for acculturation by both Indian and European races (MacLachlan, 1980). Spain was able t o accomplish this by establishing and expanding the colonial political and ecclesiastical institutions, the economy, society, and the role of women in the Mexica Society.Further proof of this was the policies of Spain regarding women as they encouraged the women to participate in economics and politics by providing the women during that time with extensive legal rights (MacLachlan, 1980). These factors and the methods by which Spain cultivated the Mexica Empire are brought on by the characteristic of Spain as being open-minded, which in turn led to the creation of the Cosmic Race. ReferencesMacLachlan, C. and Rodriguez, J. (1980) The Forging of the Cosmic Race A Reinterpretation of Colonial Mexico. University of atomic number 20 Press,

Genetic Engineering in Food Production Essay Example for Free

Genetic applied science in Food Production EssayGenetic Engineering in Food Production Is it Safe, Wise, and incorrupt? Over the past couple of decades, the genetic engineer has been found and is understanded as the improvement of advanced engineering in the field of biology. Ever since the showtime gene was cloned in 1973, genetic engineers take in been pursuing at break-neck speed the unlimited possibilities promised by biotechnology . Their excitement, which has generated billions of investment dollars for the industry, is understand up to(p).Bioengineering all(prenominal)ows scientists to identify specific gene sequences accountable for particular characteristics and whence to transfer the genes and the specific trait into entirely different species. One of the more modern and controversial issue in the field of biotechnology is the use of bioengineering in food convergenceion. Scientists argon experimenting with many different plants, but the genetic engineer ing of the tomato, dubbed Flavr Savr has been the most highly publicized project by far.The overbold tomato is supposed to boast more red and be tastier due to its longer staying beat on the vine, thereby giving it more time to accumulate sweetness yet, it pull up stakes not guff or spoil because of its new genetic makeup. (Davidson 1993). With this advanced technology scientists argue that it could offer the greatest foretaste in the aid to stop hunger in Third World countries. This new technology could be used to make bulk levels of food production more efficient and less costly.However, despite all of its advantages in creating better crops, many population are very skeptical about its safe and practicable long-term health effects. Moreover, the social issue lies deep in the realm of ethical and moral concerns. Do heap really want to eat meat that is leaner and tastier but contains genes from humans? Or, would individuals (like vegetarians) be able to eat certain vegetabl es that may contain genes from animals?Personally, I would not support the use of genetic engineering in food production based on moral and ethical reasons I do not think that scientists should be able to use their k nowadays leadge and social prestige in society to be able to play the role of God in creating new or better living things redden if their justification is for the purpose of serving man motley. Although we still have much to learn about genes, recently genuine techniques have already given rise to a new technology of molecular genetics.Genetic engineering, besides known as gene splicing/manipulation and recombinant desoxyribonucleic acid technology is a set of techniques for reconstructing, or deliberately manipulating, the genetic material of an organism. Operating at the molecular level, this serve involves the addition, deletion, or reorganization of pieces of an organisms DNA (known as genes) in order to alter that organisms protein production (Arms et al. 1994 ). The use and applications of genetic engineering range from medical checkup and pharmaceutical to industrial crops and food products.Its applications, today or in the future, includecreating improved strains of crops and farm animals (Arms et al. 1994). each of these applications rely on the ability to transplant genes into a cells makeup, or genome. The new gene may let from another organism, of the same species, or it may contain DNA produced in the laboratory. One example, the new Flavr Savr tomato, erupted by Calgene, a biotechnology company based in Davis, California, was subjected to years of scrutiny before the FDA (Food and do drugs Administration) agreed that it was safe to eat.They found, copied, and rebuilt a gene that lets these tomatoes stay on the vine without softening and spoiling. That means that the fruit s destroy word develop more of the sugars and acids that make a home-grown tomato taste so sweet and rich. Conventional tomatoes change in the stores are often hard and flavorless because they are picked while green and firm affluent to transport, then ripened by spraying with ethylene (Wood 1995). This turns the tomato red but does nothing to develop a riper flavor. Ethylene, a colorless, odorless gas that once kicks in, so do all the problems of perishability (Wood 1995).Since tomatoes have a softening gene, it produces RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) to help manufacture a protein that causes rotting. To stop the tomatoes going soft too soon, the researchers devised a way to block production of the enzyme polygalacturonase, which breaks down cell walls and eventually causes the fruit to rot (Miller 1994). The Calgene scientists inserted a reverberate image of the softening gene that produces a reverse copy of the RNA. This reverse RNA blocks the action of the mend RNA and helps to preserve the fruit.All in all, Calgene seems to have produced a good but hardly neat tomato using antisense technology, given all the propaganda and advertise ments. A couple of the reasons for why the tomato failed were because (a) the manipulation of the growth gene had unintended consequences (soft skin, weird taste, compositional changes) and (b) the high price they tried selling it at first for$2. 99 a pound (as expensive as organic tomatoes), then later dropped the price to $2. 49, then $1. 99, then . 99. Furthermore, the general public does not seem persuaded or have caught up with this trend yet.For one, people are greatly concerned about the safety of the product since the FDA does not insist that genetically engineered foods move a special label, even though the FDA assured consumers that they can be confident in intimate that foods produced by genetic engineering are as safe as food in our market stores today, stated FDA Commissioner David A. Kessler, MD (Miller 1994). However, critics have cited a case in which at least 31 people died and 1500 contracted a fatal blood disease after ingesting a genetically engineered batch of L-trytophan, a dietary supplement (Davidson 1993).Without proper labeling it willing be impossible for consumers to exercise their right to choose what kind of foods they eat. Another issue among consumers and environmental activist groups is that of moral and ethical concerns. Many people feel that scientists capacity have gone too far in terms of experimentation. We have now come to the end of the familiar pathway of leaving everything to the creation of Mother Nature. With the rise of advanced technology in genetics, scientists now possess the ability to manipulate genes, and redirect the course of evolution.They can reassemble old genes and devise new ones. They can plan, and with computer simulation, anticipate the future forms and paths of life. Hence, the old ways of evolution will be dwarfed by the role of purposeful human intelligence. However, just as nature stumbled upon life billions of years ago and began the process of evolution, so too would the new creators of life find that living organisms all have a hazard of their own. To evaluate the validity of the benefits of this technology, we pick up to answer three simple challenges Is it safe, is it wise, is it moral? Sinsheimer 1987).To answer the first chief about whether it is safe, if the technological developments are kept open to public knowledge and scrutiny, I think in the short term it could be. This way the general public can monitor the hazards of any new product introduced into the biosphere, and can probably cope with any immediate problems or consequences. In answering the second question of whether it is wise, I would say that it is not. Through decades of research, scientists have learned of the different pathogens that prey on humans, animals, and major crops. further I believe that their knowledge is still very limited in trying to understand what led to these organisms existence and modes of adaptation. Thus scientists cannot really predict whether all their new discover ies and creations might somehow lead to a new and unexpected group of harmful species since potential organisms that could be converted by one or more mutations be transformed from harmless bugs to serious risks. Finally, to answer the question of the advantages of genetic engineering in terms of morality and ethics, I can only say that the more we create, the more problems we will have in the long run in trying to solve them.Life has evolved on this planet into a delicately balanced and fragile network of selfsustaining interactions and equilibrium. If we try to change or replace the creatures and vegetation of this estate with human-designed forms to conform to human will, I believe we will forget our origins and inadvertently collapse the ecological remains in which we were found. Moreover, do we really want to assume the full responsibility for the structure and make-up of our orb?I think that we seriously need to intervene between the scientists and engineers to consider a s olution that will help slow down all of these experiments so that we could step back and look at what we are doing. If not, I think that these practicing scientists and researchers should be more broadly educated in our human-centered values and traditions. They need to understand the implications of what they are doing in order to be able to balance the concerns of the natural environment and that of societys humanistic needs to bear in mind that technology exists only to serve and not create.Human beings, are of course, sprung from the same DNA and built of the same molecules as all other livings things. But if we begin to regard ourselves as just another group of subjects to test our experiments on by altering or fiddle with the foods we eat, just like another crop to be engineered or another breed to be perfected, we will surely lose our awe of humanity and undermine all sense of human dignity.

Dawn of the (Evil & Symbolic) Dead Essay Example for Free

forenoon of the (Evil Symbolic) f in entirelyen EssayOver the past decade, interest in golems in pop acculturation has sky rocketed. on that point have been over 100 games and pictures f wash upuring the sustenance dead. George Romeros 1978 film Dawn of the utterly, sequel to Night of the brio Dead, gives its earshot insight into these curse symbolic structures known right away as zombies. In this film, there ar four survivors that take refuge in a huge shopping pith, sealing the doors and creating a zombie-free hideout. This icon is often referred to as one the best horror films of its time and a door way to todays interest in zombies. Throughout the film, the four survivors deal with hundreds of zombies and at the climax are overly having to deal with a biker gang.Although not all four of these characters survived, the mall was a perfect spot for the movie to take place according to a review done by the Spinning Image Company. The mall is a brilliant locati on, not just for the satirical possibilities it offers Romero, but also for creating some cl invariably, unsettling imagery, said Daniel Auty in his review. Auty is speaking of the several times throughout the film where Romero would cut to a scene of just zombies roaming haphazard parts of the mall. These zombies were different than what we serve today however. The zombies look silly, they fall over a lot, and Romero mostly shoots them in either broad daylight or the stark fluorescence of the mall (Auty).The zombies in Dawn of the Dead appeared from the inaugural minute without Romero giving any sort of insight on how it happened. So in order to gain the body in its paradoxical state, one must know the origins of the zombie. Many scholars agree that the term zombie originated from the voodoo religion in Haiti. In Slaves, Cannibals, and Infected Hyper-Whites The Race and Religion of zombis, writer Elizabeth McCalister discusses these origins in spectacular detail. The word zo nbi appears in writing as far back as colonial Saint- Domingue, glossed by travel writer Moreau de Saint-Mry as the slaves belief in a returned soul, a revenant(3).The Haitians still heavily weigh that this is a part of the spiritual conception. They say that these entities separate the body and the soul and compel one to forge without the other, in this case the body without the soul. Over the years, however, these origins have begun to vanish due to new forms of the zombies. In the archean 20th Century, films began to show Eurocentric ideas that created African-Americans to be viewed as these zombie creatures. Films such as White Zombie (1932) and I walked with a Zombie (1943) invariably cast black sorcerers plotting for conquest of and control over face cloth women, and blackness is unmistakably linked with primitive menace, superstition, and the diabolical (5). These views began to change by the time Romeros films came out. right off this monstrous creature is as simple a s a ghoul who lumbers around trying to eat people.Todays society is used to seeing these ghouls in pop culture. Because of the more than 100 shows, movies and film games on the market now, people are more accepting of this idea of a zombie divine revelation. In many places, they have held events, such as 5K races and obstacle courses, that center around a zombie theme. In Muskegon, Michigan they held a zombie apocalypse day where civilians svelte as zombies and chased after those that were dressed as civilians. Zombie participants got creative and tore up and stained their clothing. They also added s political machines and bloody makeup, said an expression in the Muskegon Chronicle.This goes to show how immune todays society has become to the idea of these flesh-eating monsters. non everyone is taking it lightly though as some have figures set in stone for when the apocalypse may happen. The CDC, Center of Disease Control, has its own website dedicated to a zombie outbreak. Th e blog includes a abbreviated history of the creatures, a list of survival tools for a kit and their own plan for survival if it would ever happen. If zombies did start roaming the streets, CDC would conduct an investigation much like any other disease outbreak. The CDC forks us that it would be taken just as seriously as any other disease, and thanks pop culture and todays society in helping to prepare for that day.Christopher Moreman takes a look past the plan in his support Zombies Are Us Essays on the Humanity of the base on balls Dead. The actor looks into a world that is already ruled by the dead and sees how society would have to live to survive. He speaks for society as a whole through one line by referencing the graphic novel The Walking Dead In a world ruled by the dead, we are forced to finally start living (5). The creatures in Romeros Dawn of the Dead may not be the scariest or deadliest of monsters, but it is when they are in large numbers that they can cause havoc . It is hard to deal with hundreds of flesh eating monsters at once no matter how fast or intelligent they may be. Much of the films audience motto Romeros zombie as a symbolic structure of other things that could take down America. McCalister analyzes all of Romeros films on the living dead and the time frame that they were made.Night of the Living Dead attacks the thermonuclear American family, patriarchy, and racism Dawn of the Dead fastens its attention on the deadening cause of rampant consumerism and daytime of the Dead offers an indictment of militarism and American misuse of science and technology (17). These things were on the minds of Americans in the time the movies were made. nowadays they can be related to something different such as the events going on in the centre of attention East. Stephen Asma takes a look into the torturing of Iraqi soldiers and how the Americans may be the ones viewed as the evil creatures. In his book On Monsters, Asma references Dr. Phili p Zimbardo and his theory called The Lucifer Effect. This idea helps to explain how good people can become evil in specific ways. He focuses on the torture of Iraqi soldiers. The fact that seemingly normal American soldiers engaged in torture and degradation techniques on Iraqi detainees offers more evidence, Zimbardo thinks, for his view that abuse and antagonism are not the results of inner character flaws (Asma 413).He goes on to explain how Zimbardo believes these soldiers were not just a case of just one spoiled apple, but a bad barrel that spoiled anything govern into it. In the case of the zombies, one can make the case that everyone on this planet will in the end fall to the disease and it is not because of the one zombie who started it all, but because everyone is infected to begin. These kinds of ideas are what bring the monstrous view of zombies into society. Kyle Bishop writes in his book American Zombie Gothic close how the use of the zombies in Dawn of the Dead cre ates a connection with the audience. He says that because the zombies look very similar to just another systematic human being, it can make the audience feel terrified of the creatures. However, the way that the zombies act can tell the audience obvious differences between one that is still human and one that has turned. Romeros monsters are primarily othered creatures, possessing virtually no subjective, human qualities and encouraging almost no psychological suture with the audience (Bishop 159).The equivalence of zombies to human qualities can go on forever. Asma continues to analyze the psyche of the monstrous through the Id. Rage is a powerful force that, along with other socially deleterious impulses, lives like a frustrated virus in the dark cellars of the Id (354). The Id is the part of the personality that can make decisions unconsciously based off of thirst and instinct. In the case of the zombies, all they want and need is food and in this case, the flesh of the prota gonists. The zombies in Romeros film were often times the ones being killed, whether it is a gunshot to the head, a bat to the head, a car hood to the head or a screwdriver through the ear. However, Romero kept scenes where humans were eaten by these creatures to give the audience a clear understanding of what to expect from the movie and who would be the good guys. In David Gilmores Monsters, the author discusses of ways on how to approach the monster. Mythologists have written much about the theme of the Epic maven who goes out to fight monsters in order to rescue maidens or to save society as a whole (12).The monster is obvious in film but no Epic Hero is there to save the day. Taken this perspective into Dawn of the Dead, the audience can tell that it is society as a whole trying to fight the monsters to save the world from the dead. There are several ways to see why Romeros Dawn of the Dead was up for awards. Much of it was not based off the effects and acting but what thought and background was put into the project. The study behind the zombies was thorough and began giving more meaning to the story. The symbolism of these creatures and how the good human being became an evil, flesh-seeking monster were just two of the things to write about. When all is said and done, the zombies may never come, but if they do, it is because of films like this that could help with survival.Works CitedAsma, Stephen T. On Monsters An Unnatural tale of Our Worst Fears. Oxford Oxford UP, 2009. Print. Auty, Daniel. Dawn ofthe Dead. Rev. of Dawn of the Dead. n.d. n. pag. The Spinning Image. Web. Bishop, Kyle William. American Zombie Gothic The Rise and Fall (and Rise) of the Walking Dead in Popular Culture. Jefferson, NC McFarland , 2010. Print. Gilmore, David D. Monsters Evil Beings, Mythical Beasts, and All Manner of Imaginary Terrors. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania, 2003. Print. Haiti and the Truth about Zombies. Www.umich.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. http//www.umich.edu /uncanny/zombies.html. McCalister, Elizabeth. Slaves, Cannibals, and Infected Hyper-Whites The Race and Religion of Zombies. Anthropological Quarterly 85.2 (n.d.) 457-86. Web. Public wellness Matters Blog. Public Health Matters Blog RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. http//blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/2011/05/preparedness-101-zombie-apocalypse/.

Ethical Issue of Life Support Machine

Ethical Issue of Life put up MachineDirections Read the end study provided. In essay style, apply and discuss the questions listed belowIn the case of the persevering R.J his autonomy has been taken away from him, as he is no longer suit subject to check any decisions on his experience. His ability to make his own choices for his health atomic number 18 gone he has lost each(prenominal)(a) control of how he would necessity to be treated. Even before he was wizardry dead I would question if he really invariably had autonomy with the decision to let the mental process was he made awargon of the complications that could happen? Was he given the proper consultation and was he ever asked if he had a family segment who had problems with anesthesia?As for justice, I emotional state that it give never be served because my own belief is that you keister non get the person back to what you knew them as before. They guard agitated everlastingly and so have you. No amount o f money would fix this problem for most. I feel justice in this case will never be gotten. The family has lost trust in the medical examination field they do not trust what is being told to them because they feel they have been lied to from the start. They feel this could have been prevented with somewhat extra attention. Could this have been prevented with just a few more than questions from the anesthesiologist and should the patient have brought up the family history of complications during mental process? Unfortunately surgery is risky and accidents happen and patients atomic number 18 informed of the risks nevertheless how often information depose a person take in while someone is talking to then in medical jargon?As Anderson and McFarlane point bug out Beneficence is perhaps one of the strongest guiding ethical principles of health care professionals. (2010, p.________) This being said, I do believe the doctors were responsible for what happened to this patient. They are the experts and they have the knowledge to hold difficult situations. Did the fact that the member has the extra weight cause the physician to not be able to intubate the member? Did the physician ever call a code or ask for assistant? This is all information that call for to be available in order to see if the members rights were protected. I personally invented in surgery for many years and saw many mishaps. I have seen surgery on the wrong patient and the wrong body part. I believe we should implement more resources to protect the patient that goes into surgery but time is money and rushing through the process is what causes mistakes.The non-maleficence in this case is that the member had the right to be protected from harm, this was not the case for this patient nor his family. His life will be forever negatively changed and so will his familys. The mistrust the family has with the medical placement will make this very tragic case even worse as they will begin to see the health care system as the enemy. The family has been affected by the non-maleficence as they too have been hurt emotionally and probably financially, spiritually and in ways we can never imagine. It is obvious the physician did not set out to do this to the patient but the fact is that it did happen and he is responsible as he was unable to intubate. This is a risk of surgery and patients should be advised more than not that surgery should be the last resort.The family needs time to grieve. They have lost a very valuable member of their family very unexpectedly. I would starting time begin to assess what they understand about his condition. I would gently tell them what his prognosis is and I would as well as have a family meeting with a spiritual leader of their choice, a social worker, a headhunter and excessively all the physicians involved. I would ask the family to say what they needed to say to get their feelings out, their concerns, frustrations and anger. I would ma ke sure before the meeting was over that they understood the health of the patient and that on that point was no believe for recovery. I would have them explore what type of person he was and if he would want to live this way. If this is what he would want then they would move to find him a place to live long term. If this was something he would not have wanted then offer them some choices such as taking him of life stick up and letting him die with dignity. This would be a very difficult decision and this would have both a positive and negative as nothing will be resolved except for the comfort of the patient. The family will probably never get a positive outcome. Page four paraphrase- this is goodhttp//nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ThePracticeofProfessionalNursing/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthics.aspx5.ProfessionalismEach take in needs to understand the responsibilities and concerns that are integral to the nursing profession. Working with a team of health care professionals to provide care for patients in need requires a discipline and internal and external composure that stays steady throughout the day. Knowledge, expertise, team work and compassion are hallmarks of professionalism in nursing that I taste to express in my practice. The nurse in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, charge and uniqueness of every individual. Unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the disposition of the health problem. (American Nurses Association, n.d.)A nurse has to take up a great deal of responsibility and mustiness prove worthy of it. Everything from responsible patient care, to monitoring delicate equipment to which the patient is hooked, to responsible handling of medical specialty is the nurses lot. A professional nurse is one who takes this responsibility very seriously and understands the consequences of mistakes.I take responsibility for my patient f rom the moment I am given report and until I disappear the hospital. I am a professional to my patients and to me that means being present. Doing for them what they need to be comfortable and safe. I am at that place for them not for the social talk or the coffee break. I am there to take care of the patient and if I can help them in any way thats what I do.6. Mission and Philosophy of the Division of NursingA. Describe what aspects of the mission and philosophy you feel are evident in the short letterwork in the RN-BSN program. My own words no citing The mission and philosophy I feel as evident in our coursework over the last few years have been the exploration of cultures and beliefs of different cultures. We have learned from each other our differences but also our similarities. I have learned to be tolerant when I did not agree with some of my cohorts especially when we did religious kinspersones and the tension in the secernate room escalated from friendly to hostile. I l earned to just listen and to explain part of my religion but to also keep an open mind to the beliefs of others. I also felt they needed to understand that this was a Catholic university and to be respectful of the courses that were presented as this was part of the curriculum. We all knew what courses we were to take coming into this program and if there was a conflict of interest that should have been introduced at the beginning of the BSN program not while the assort was being taught by a highly respected professional.The course definitely made me a more critical cipherer and made me learn not to accept answers on a superficial level, it helped me to picture into matters with a more educated and focused approach to what was being presented to me as fact. Health is wholeness derived from the true internal interaction of the body, mind, and spirit and the harmonious balance between person and environment. This statement is very much how I viewed the courses that were offered to me at part of the Immaculata program, they all taught us about the harmonious internal interaction of the body. We had many courses that helped us explore the holistic approach to taking care of the patient and therefore we learned a lot about ourselves. This helped us grow to become more patient centered and to focus on the task at hand and to become aware of the person we were taking care of whether they can perish with us or not.I enjoyed the courses that were offered and I will say that I grew with each course that I completed, I felt better about my nursing career and I truly felt the like I had grown as a person and as a nurse. This was a big change for me as before I took this BSN program I did not think it would help me, I in reality looked at this journey of getting my BSN as something that I had to do in order to keep my job. I began fully to see that program became so impotent to who I was as a person and it became so important to who I am that I am going to miss goin g to class and I am going to miss my fellow students. I am especially going to miss some of the teachers who I have come to respect.B. What has been your experience with the culture of faculty interactions with students?My experiences with the faculty and their interactions with students have been positive overall. So many of the courses we took were geared towards accepting other cultures and beliefs. The class had a nice mixture of different beliefs and they were all respected by the faculty. We felt free to discuss our differences without feeling we were being judged for being different. I also feel this is an individual and personal finding and it may not reflect on how others in the class perceived the faculty and its interactions with the students. In some cultures the, students are more accustomed to seeking help from peers than from the professor. This may be because the student feels self-conscious approaching an authority figure, because seeking extra assistance is view ed as strange hand-holding, or because asking for help is associated with weak or desperate students, and is thus stigmatizing.While soliciting help from peers can be helpful under some circumstances, there are times when peers are not in a position to provide helpful feedback. Students enter your classroom with expectations and interpretations shaped by their own cultural conditioning. Your expectations regarding appropriate classroom behavior, faculty and student roles, good writing, etc., may not be theirs.This is a overlap not only of cultural differences but of variations in the teaching styles of different faculty members. Even students who are familiar with the U.S. educational system have to adapt to the differing expectations of their various professors. Thus, it is helpful to all your students to spell out as concretely and specifically as possible on your syllabus, in class, on tests and assignments, etc. What your expectations are in regard to issues such as the foll owing A percentage breakdown of the coursed components of your course not only helps students make reasonable time-allocation decisions (see Time Allocation) it also alerts international students to the fact that their course grade will be determined on the basis of multiple graded assignments (exams, papers, lab reports, designs, etc.) visual perception all the course requirements and their weighting can be particularly helpful for students from cultures in which only end-of-term examinations really take care understand what is expected of them in a college classroom, it is helpful not only to spell out understandably what you expect of them (see Make Your Expectations Explicit) but also to provide models of the kinds of work you want them to produce andthe kinds of skills you want them to cultivate. Seeing illustrations of good work can help students identify skills they need to develop. You might, for exampleProvide examples of outstanding student work (e.g. outstanding designp rojects, stage sets, engineering solutions, papers) and discuss with your students what makes them effective. This can help students (a) identify the elements of good work as they apply to particular assignments within particular domains, (b) become more conscious of these elements in their own work, and (c) understand what you, as an instructor, are expecting of them. Models of excellent student work can also help students think more broadly about an assignment, consider alternative approaches, etc.Model the kinds of discussion and debate behaviors you want students to develop. Some faculty members, for example, invite a colleague to class to debate an issue. Watching two faculty members engaged in an animated debate can help students understand how to participate in a respectful but intellectually challenging exchange. It also illustrates the dynamic nature of academic discourse.

Examining Major Library Management Software Information Technology Essay

Examining Major Library Management Softw be breeding applied science EssayWith the gradual shift from earlier agricultural era to todays info era the users expectations towards subroutine subroutine depository library operate has been changed. Now a days users are intended to get their required information done with(predicate) online. so far they have not enough clip to anticipate manual(a) bibliographical germs of information to hold up the location of the document in the library, they needed. Users are so busy now. Therefore it is necessary for every library information centers to automate their services that are dispatchered to the users of information.2. WHAT IS program library AUTOMATION?Inter content Encyclopedia of Information employ science and library science defines mechanization as the technology concerned with the design and suppuration of process and schema that minimize the necessity of human invention in their unconscious process.The term Librar y Automation in the olden was utilize to refer to the mechanization of the traditional library operations like acquisition, serial control, cataloguing and circulation control. Today it is used to refer computerization of not only traditional library activities just also such related to activities as information organization, information storage, retrieval, use etcAlthough computers play very important role in the automation of libraries, action of telecommunication and reprography technology is also equally important.3. NEED FOR LIBRARY AUTOMATIONThe need for library automation croupe be explained chaseTo facilitate wider and deeper access to informationTo increase the retrievability of the resourcesTo achieve a new level of library managementTo purify the existing services and to introduce new servicesTo improve control over collectionTo have an efficient control over the entire operationTo avoid the duplication of workTo facilitate sharing of the resources among various libraries.Some of the factors that forced the libraries to go for automating the activities areInformation ExplosionSpace SavingTime savingAvailability of information in electronic formCost effectiveness entropy manipulationExploitation of computer readable databases.Therefore it fag end be said that the success of library automation mostly depends upon the nature of the parcel used for the purpose. packet helps in performing each every operations of an automated library information centers so quickly easily.4. WHAT IS LIBRARY MANAGEMENT bundle?An automated library is one where a computer system is applied to manage one or several of the librarys key operations. Such as acquisitions, serials control, cataloging, circulation and the public access catalogue. tool-controlled library system depends on library automation packages are also called Library Management packet (LMS). Library automation package provides centralized management and process automation for political scie nce public, private libraries .Library automation applications provide integration of self-service kiosks and online electronic network portal access for catalog search, content delivery or reservation requests and patron check-out history. They also track and automate notification of overdue books and fines.5. BENEFITS OF USING LMS IN LIBRARYSoftware helps in performing library operations quickly easily and thus saving the time of the users and staff. It also saves the manpower.LMS are interconnected parcel package.LMS are compatible to various hardware systems.It is compatible to national international bibliographic models.Operation in a multi-user environment.Operation in a networked environment.User cozy and menu driven.Least response time.Capable of handling bibliographical, numerical as well as textual data, also variable field. Sub-fields repeatable fields.Provision of data security through pass newsworthiness.Provision for thesaurus and dictum file maintenance.Outpu t facility through card printing bibliographies and on magnetic media (tape diskette etc). urge search through Boolean logic Single term search Multiple term search Truncation search Field directed seek etc.Import/ Export of data through standardised exchange format.Provide powerful scanner capabilities.Display, sort and print records as per user define formats.WWW interfacing.Multimedia compatibility.6. LIBRARY AUTOMATION SOFTWARE PACKAGESThere are hundreds of library automation software packages available at the global level. It is difficult to list them all. Here is a table that shows list of some(prenominal) available software packages designed and developed for the libraries.TABLE 1Sl. No.Name of the softwareDesigning, Developing, market/Distributing Agency/Organizations1CDS/ISIS (DOS), WINISIS(WINDOWS)UNESCO ,in India NISSAT/DSIT acts as the nodal agency2ALICE for Windows ,OASIS for DOSSoft Link Pvt., Australia. Marketed in India by Soft Link Asia3BASISPLUS and TECHLIB PL USInformation Dimensions Inc.(IDI), USA and NIC, New Delhi4somebodyINFLBNET center, Ahamedabad5LibsysLibsys corporation, New Delhi6KohaKatipo communications Limited of Wellington, New Zealand7VIRTUAILSVTLS Inc, Virginia, USA8LAMPJointly by Netherlands Library Association ,Pakistan Library Association and UNESCO9LIBSUITSOFT-AID Computer Ltd., Pune10LIBRISFrontier Information Technology Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad11WINSANJAYBy DESIDOC under a NISSAT project12NG-TLMS.NETDeveloped in Germany by enchant Group13AUTOLIBBy Autolib Software System, Chennai14E-GRANTHALYABy NIC, Bangalore15GRANTHALYANISCAIR16NEWGENLIBBy coaction of Kesavan Institute of Information and Knowledge Management(KIIKM), Hyderabad and Venus Solutions Pvt. Ltd.17NEXLIBNEX Evolve Logic Solution Pvt. Ltd.18 trim backAlgorhythems Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Pune19LIBMANDatapro Consultancy Service,Pune20MaitrayeeCMC Ltd., Kolkata21MINISISNirmal Institute of Computer Expertise, Tiruchirapalli22TULIPTata Unisys, Noida23NILISAsmita Cons ultant Ltd.,Mumbai24EASYLIBEasylib Corporation, Bangalore25TROODONComtek service Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi6.1 SOUL A SEMI COMMERCIAL SOFTWARESOUL (Software for University Libraries) provided by INFLIBNET center, Ahmedabad, INDIA. This software is intended to be provided to all the university libraries, which have been covered under INFLIBNET for which a separate agreement exit have to be signed by each library. For former(a)s who are interested in using this software, oddly public funded organizations, separate modalities are being worked out including pricing, promote, cultivation etc. Hardly a court in comparison to other commercial software is given by the libraries. That is why SOUL software is a semi commercial software. The software was designed to automate all house keeping operations in Library. The software is suitable not only for the academic libraries, but also for all types sizes of libraries, veritable(a) school libraries.6.2 LIBSYS A PROPRIETARY SOFTWARELibsys is a proprietary software. The term proprietary is derived from the Latin word proprietas meaning property. Proprietary software is computer software licensed under exclusive legal bring out up of its owner. The purchaser, or licensee, is given the right to use the software under certain conditions, but restricted from other uses, such as modification, further distribution, or reverse engineering. LIBSYS is developed by Libsys Corporation, New Delhi. Libsys is a complete, comprehensive, integrated system that manages all aspects of all kind of libraries i.e. public, national, higher education and research libraries.6.3 KOHA AN OPEN SOURCE SOFTWAREKOHA is a full featured Integrated Library System. It is an open source software. There is no damage for the license you have the freedom to modify the reaping to adapt it to your needs. Like other open source software KOHA also provide the original source code used to create it so that users can modify it to make it work better for them. KO HA developed initially in New Zealand by Katipo Communications with Horowhenua Library Trust in1999. Koha is using now by so many libraries around the world, including academic, public, school, special libraries of Australia, Africa, Canada, USA, France, India and off course New Zealand.7. COMPARISONS BETWEEN THESE THREE KINDS OF SOFTWAREThis paper gives emphasize on a proportional study among these 3 types of software. Each one has unique features regarding to its server, web server, computer architecture, client, price, standard subscribe, training provided to the customers etc. The following Table 2 Shows the comparisons between these.TABLE 2Sl. No.FEATURESOULLIBSYSKOHA1ArchitectureClient-server based architecture, only OPAC is web based. found on client-server model and TCP/IP for communication and networking.Based on a client-server architecture.2ServerWindows-NT/ Windows2000 server (operating system) MS-SQL server 7.0/ Advance server 2000(RDBMS) personal web server or Window s NT IIS with option pack 4.0 installed or Windows 2000 as server for web opac college chance variable windows-98/ ME/NT/2000/XP/2003(operating system).UNIX, LINUX Pentium machine with SCO Unix/Unix Ware SunSparc with solaris Alpha with OSF/1 RS/6000 with AIX HP-9000 with IRIX Windows NT/2000/XP Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP/ 2003(operating system)Windows/Linux3ClientStandard Windows (95/98/NT/2000/XP)Standard Windows (95/98/NT/2000/XP) Web Enabled (JSP implementation) Unix Workstations X-Windows Workstations (Xterm) VT220 compatible terminals Thin Java clients.Windows/Linux4Web serverIISApache, IISApache, IIS.5graphical user interfaceBased on GUI browsers.Based on GUI browsers.Based on GUI browsers.6Character Encoding Unicode for Language Computing run onISCIIUNICODEUNICODE7Standard supportSupport internationally known standards such as MARC 21, CCF, AACR2, LCSH.MARC 21 and AACR2R(selected authority fields)a)Industry standards Z39.50, UNIMARC, ISO2709, MARC21b)Technical standards the OPAC is valid XHTML, and respects the standards o handinessc) web standards recommended by the WWW Consortium.8DatabaseMSSQL, MYSQLSoftware can be used with either SQL Server, ORACLE, or MySQL as a back-end RDBMS with ODBC compatibility.Koha uses a dual database design that utilizes the strengths of the two major industry-standard database types (text-based and RDBMS). This design feature ensures that Koha is climbable enough to project the transaction load of any library, no matter what the size of the library.9Data import /exportdata exchange through ISO-2709 standardCCF(ISO-2709), MARC(ANSI-Z39.x)data exchange through ISO-2709 standard10Acquisition moduleyesyesyesCatalogue ModuleyesyesyesCirculation ModuleyesyesyesOPAC ModuleyesyesyesSerial Control ModuleyesyesyesAdministrati-on Moduleyesyesyes11Training and manualAn extensive training in SOUL will be provided to the library staff on site upon its installation by Inflibnet staffOnly user manual is available, system manual (su ch as installation and configuration of server not provided) system manual unploughed hidden or not provided so that AMC (Annual Maintenance Contract) can be taken from libraries.Full training and manual is provided12Support TeamNational and Regional Soul coordinators are appointed for this,free support is providedCostly only on the basis of AMC(10 to 20% of total costs) charged from the librariesOnly online discussion and support is available free of cost13Price20-50 thousand. No AMC4 to 5 lakhs and 10-20% AMC.Free14LicenseNo other commitment, what is their in it may be usedBias with developers and distributors, even pull things are not yet done properly at various places where it is in use.General mankind License15Latest ReleaseSOUL 1.0 was released during CALIBER 2000. The latest version of the software i.e. SOUL 2.0 released by the end of the year 2008.3.2 (October 2010)16Nature of developing organizationNon for profit or governmentCommercialDeveloping under open source categ ory.8. CONCLUSIONAs it was mentioned earlier that the success of library automation mostly depends upon the nature of the software it is used for. Therefore it is necessary for any library information center that they choose the software very carefully. The management must discuss about how the software matches the librarys requirements, product quality, cost factor, various features of the software, its functions, installation date and time duration of installation, staff training, support services, licensing, used standard etc. Here we discussed about these 3 software and it can be said that as in Koha the source code is open so the users are free to innovate and improve the software to meet their needs free. Innovation also means that open source software has much faster development cycles when compared to proprietary and commercial software. Because as the source code is open so it can be improve again again. But this is not possible in the effort of other 2 software.LIBSYS i s so dearly-won (around 4-5 lakhs). So it is not possible for a small library to adopt it. But in case of a expectant library where money is not a big issue for their LIBSYS is appropriate. Because data entry, searching procedure is so much easy in LIBSYS and also when technical support is needed for application of the software in the library LIBSYS always provide it. Although SOUL is not so costly but it required a large technically strong manpower. So SOUL is appropriate for a big library who can provide manpower but at the same time they have not enough money to effort LIBSYS or some other costly software. Although SOUL has a college version also. And for a small library which can not afford money but they are intendent to make their services and operational functions automate and even they have not also manpower ability. For them KOHA is the only option.Even though wide range of Library automation softwares are available , it is necessary for librarians to keep take on the d evelopments and to choose appropriate software package depending on their needs.